妙应寺白塔
本帖最后由 老猪871 于 2015-12-24 17:22 编辑<h3 align="center" style="MARGIN: 13pt 0cm;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font size="5">妙应寺白塔</font></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">妙应寺白塔位于阜城门内大街路北的妙应寺内。因寺内有通体涂以白垩的塔，故俗称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">白塔寺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">，是我国重点保护文物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">元世祖忽必烈崇信佛法，迎释迦佛舍利，至元八年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1271)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在大都城西南修建了这座大型喇嘛塔。至元十六年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1279)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">建成后，又在塔前建了一座规模宏大的寺院，救名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大圣寿万安寺</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。寺院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殿堂栏楯一如内廷，佛像</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">窗壁皆饰金，是元朝皇室在大都兴建的重要工程之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1368</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年全部殿堂被雷火焚毁，仅白塔幸免。明宣德八年修复，改称妙应寺。清康熙、乾隆间又几经修葺，现仅白塔为元代遗物。寺由四层殿堂和塔院组成。院中间耸立着白塔，四周各建小角亭一座。白塔由塔基、塔身和塔刹</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">部分组成。台基高</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="9" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">，塔高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">．</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="9" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">，底座面积</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1422</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方米，台基分三层，最下层呈方形，台前有一通道，前设台阶，可直登塔基，上、中二层是亚字形的须弥座。台基上砌基座，将塔身、基座连接在一起。莲座上又有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">条环带，承托塔身。塔身俗称</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宝瓶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">"</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">，形似覆钵，上安</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">条铁箍，其上又有亚字形小型须弥座，再上就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天相轮，顶端为一直径</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">．</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="7" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的华盖，华盖以厚木作底，上置铜板瓦并做</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">条放射形的筒脊，华盖四周悬挂着</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">36</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">副铜质透雕的流苏和风铃，微风吹动，铃声悦耳。华盖中心处，还有一座高约</span><chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="米" sourcevalue="5" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米</span></chmetcnv><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的鎏金宝顶，以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">条粗壮的铁链将宝顶固定在铜盘之上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1978</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年对白塔进行了维修加固。施工过程中，发现了清代乾隆十八年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(1753)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">存留在高塔顶部鎏金</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小境内的大藏经、木雕观世音像、补花袈裟、五佛冠、乾隆手书《波罗蜜多心经》、藏文《尊胜咒》、铜三世佛像、赤金舍利长寿佛等。白塔的形制，渊源于古印度的窣堵坡，由尼泊尔工艺家阿尼哥参加了设计和修建。</span></p>
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